Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators

This study reports the development of bio-based adsorbent by utilizing coffee endocarp (CE) waste as a raw material for lead (Pb) removal from liquid wastewater. The effect NaOH and HCl activation precursors on characteristics performance resulting adsorbents was investigated. prepared were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence (XRF) Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). characterization results confirm positive role either or in enhancing surface properties adsorbents. chemical activations removed most impurities leading to smoother surface, pore size enlargement enhanced area volume ratio, which result an adsorption capacity Pb efficiency. shows 57.7% efficiency sorption 174.4 mg/g. On other hand, after treatment NaOH, efficiencies increased up 63.9% 89.86%, with 193 271.58 mg/g, respectively. Though both activated sorbents demonstrate better compared non-activated CE, overall reveal that NaOH-activated sorbent offers characteristic than HCl-activated sorbent.